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Internet Info 1994 March
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Internet Info CD-ROM (Walnut Creek) (March 1994).iso
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networking
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appletalk
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uab.shar
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hash.c
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1990-07-12
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static char rcsid[] = "$Author: cck $ $Date: 88/09/14 10:19:36 $";
static char rcsident[] = "$Header: /src/local/mac/cap/etalk/RCS/hash.c,v 1.14 88/09/14 10:19:36 cck Rel $";
static char revision[] = "$Revision: 1.14 $";
/*
* hash.h - external definitions for hash.c - generalized hashing function
*
* written by Charlie C. Kim
* Academic Networking, Communications and Systems Group
* Center For Computing Activities
* Columbia University
* September 1988
*
*
* Copyright (c) 1988 by The Trustees of Columbia University
* in the City of New York.
*
* Permission is granted to any individual or institution to use,
* copy, or redistribute this software so long as it is not sold for
* profit, provided that this notice and the original copyright
* notices are retained. Columbia University nor the author make no
* representations about the suitability of this software for any
* purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied
* warranty.
*
*
* Edit History:
*
* Sept 5, 1988 CCKim Created
* Sept 6, 1988 CCKim Finished: level 0
*
*/
static char columbia_copyright[] = "Copyright (c) 1988 by The Trustees of \
Columbia University in the City of New York";
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include "hash.h"
#ifndef FALSE
# define FALSE 0
#endif
#ifndef TRUE
# define TRUE 1
#endif
#ifndef PRIVATE
# define PRIVATE static
#endif
/*
* holds and describes a hash table
*
* ht_policy: policy on collisions (cf hash.h)
* ht_cfunc: takes (key, data) and returns true if they are equal
* ht_afunc: takes a key and returns the item from higher up
* ht_cpfunc: should compress the key to a integer -- only required if
* no hash function has been provided
* ht_hfunc: takes (M, data) as arguments - returns hash index
* M is the sizeof(int)*8 - log of the table size if the hashing
* type is multiplicative
* ht_hfunc2: is the secondary hashing function for double hashing
* ht_chainops: chaining function other than linked list
* ht_stats: describes performance of hash table
* ht_type: hash function type
* ht_buckets: pointer to the hash table buckets
*
*/
typedef struct htable {
int ht_M; /* # of hash table buckes */
int ht_logM; /* M or log M (for certain hash types) */
int ht_policy; /* hashing policies for collision */
/* alway call with passed key first, data item second */
int (*ht_cfunc)(); /* comparision function */
caddr_t (*ht_afunc)(); /* allocate function */
u_int (*ht_cpfunc)(); /* compression function */
u_int (*ht_hfunc)(); /* hashing function */
u_int (*ht_hfunc2)(); /* secondary hashing function */
struct hash_bucket_list_ops *ht_chainops; /* chain functions */
int ht_type; /* hash type */
struct hash_statistics ht_stats; /* statisitics */
caddr_t *ht_buckets; /* actual hash table */
} HTABLE;
/* some hash functions */
PRIVATE u_int hash_multiplicative();
PRIVATE u_int hash_division();
PRIVATE u_int hash2_multiplicative();
PRIVATE u_int hash2_division();
/* list operations */
PRIVATE caddr_t list_find();
PRIVATE caddr_t list_insert();
PRIVATE int list_delete();
PRIVATE caddr_t list_get();
/* basic hash bucket chaining with an ordered link list */
PRIVATE struct hash_bucket_list_ops hash_chain_by_list = {
list_find,
list_insert,
list_delete,
list_get
};
/* table of primary hashfunctions */
PRIVATE u_int (*hash_funcs[HASH_TYPE_NUM])() = {
NULL,
hash_division,
hash_multiplicative,
};
/* table of secondary hash functions */
PRIVATE u_int (*hash_funcs2[HASH_TYPE_NUM])() = {
NULL, /* own */
hash2_division,
hash2_multiplicative,
};
/* free a hash table - free_func gets called to free data */
void
h_free(ht, free_func)
HTABLE *ht;
int (*free_func)();
{
caddr_t *bt;
caddr_t p;
int M, i, policy;
caddr_t (*get_func)();
M = ht->ht_M; /* get # of entries */
bt = ht->ht_buckets; /* get buckets */
ht->ht_buckets = NULL; /* just in case... */
if (ht->ht_chainops)
get_func = ht->ht_chainops->hlo_get;
policy = ht->ht_policy;
if (bt == NULL)
return;
for (i = 0; i < M; i++) {
if (bt[i] == NULL)
continue;
switch (policy) {
case HASH_POLICY_CHAIN:
if (get_func == NULL)
break;
while ((p = (*get_func)(&bt[i])))
if (free_func)
(*free_func)(p);
break;
default:
if (free_func)
(*free_func)(bt[i]);
}
}
free((caddr_t)bt); /* free old table */
free((caddr_t)ht);
}
/* setup a new hash table, returns handle for hash table */
caddr_t
h_new(policy, hashtype, M, cfunc, afunc, cpfunc, hfunc, hfunc2, chainops)
int policy;
int hashtype; /* hash type */
int M;
int (*cfunc)(); /* comparision function */
caddr_t (*afunc)(); /* allocate function */
u_int (*cpfunc)(); /* compression function */
u_int (*hfunc)(); /* hash function */
u_int (*hfunc2)(); /* secondary hash function */
struct hash_bucket_list_ops *chainops;
{
HTABLE *htable;
if (cfunc == NULL) { /* required! */
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: no compare function\n");
return(NULL);
}
if (!HASH_TYPE_VALID(hashtype)) {
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: invalid type %d\n", hashtype);
return(NULL);
}
if (hashtype == HASH_TYPE_OWN && hfunc == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: must give hash function when own set\n");
return(NULL);
}
if (!HASH_POLICY_VALID(policy)) {
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: invalid policy %d\n", policy);
return(NULL);
}
if (M <= 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: invalid hash table size %d\n", M);
return(NULL);
}
if ((htable = (HTABLE *)malloc(sizeof(HTABLE))) == NULL)
return(NULL);
htable->ht_policy = policy;
htable->ht_cfunc = cfunc;
htable->ht_afunc = afunc;
htable->ht_hfunc = hash_funcs[hashtype];
if (htable->ht_policy == HASH_POLICY_DOUBLE_HASH)
htable->ht_hfunc2 = hash_funcs2[hashtype];
else
htable->ht_hfunc2 = NULL;
/* override std. hash functions if specified */
if (hfunc)
htable->ht_hfunc = hfunc;
if (hfunc2)
htable->ht_hfunc2 = hfunc2;
htable->ht_cpfunc = cpfunc;
htable->ht_chainops = chainops ? chainops : &hash_chain_by_list;
htable->ht_type = hashtype;
bzero(&htable->ht_stats, sizeof(htable->ht_stats));
htable->ht_stats.hs_buckets = M;
htable->ht_M = 0; /* assume these */
return((caddr_t)h_redefine(htable,HASH_POLICY_OLD,HASH_TYPE_OLD, M,
NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL, NULL, NULL));
}
/* redefine an existing hash table, will rehash by creating new set of */
/* buckets and killing off old set */
caddr_t
h_redefine(ht, policy, hashtype, M, cfunc, afunc, cpfunc, hfunc, hfunc2,
chainops)
HTABLE *ht;
int policy; /* hashing policy */
int hashtype; /* hashing type */
int M; /* size */
int (*cfunc)(); /* comparision function */
caddr_t (*afunc)(); /* allocate function */
u_int (*hfunc)(); /* hash function */
u_int (*hfunc2)(); /* secondary hash function */
u_int (*cpfunc)(); /* compression function */
struct hash_bucket_list_ops *chainops;
{
int logM, oldM, i, oldPolicy;
struct hash_bucket_list_ops *oldChainOps;
caddr_t *bt, *nbt;
caddr_t p;
if (!HASH_TYPE_VALID(hashtype) && hashtype != HASH_TYPE_OLD) {
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: invalid type %d\n", hashtype);
return(NULL);
}
if (!HASH_POLICY_VALID(policy) && policy != HASH_POLICY_OLD) {
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: invalid policy %d\n", policy);
return(NULL);
}
if (M <= 0) /* zero means base on old */
M = ht->ht_M;
if (hashtype == HASH_TYPE_OLD)
hashtype = ht->ht_type; /* get old */
logM = 0;
switch (hashtype) {
case HASH_TYPE_MULTIPLICATIVE:
i = M >> 1;
M = 1;
logM = 0;
while (i) { /* while M is still about */
i >>= 1; /* divide by 2 */
M <<= 1; /* multiply by 2 */
logM++;
}
break;
case HASH_TYPE_DIVISION:
M += (1 - (M%2)); /* make odd */
/* scale up M so it isn't relatively prime for these small primes */
/* c.f. Fundamental of Data Structures, Horowitz and Sahni, pp. 461 */
while (!((M%3) && (M%5) && (M%7) && (M%11) && (M%13) && (M%17)&&(M%19)))
M+=2;
break;
default:
break;
}
if (M <= ht->ht_M) /* nothing to do */
return((caddr_t)ht);
if (logM == 0) { /* no logM? figure it */
int t = M>>1; /* get M */
do {
logM++; /* int log M to 1 */
t >>= 1; /* divide by 2 */
} while (t);
}
bt = ht->ht_buckets; /* get buckets */
oldM = ht->ht_M;
oldPolicy = ht->ht_policy;
oldChainOps = ht->ht_chainops;
if ((nbt = (caddr_t *)calloc((u_int)M, sizeof(caddr_t))) == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "hash table create: no memory for %d element table\n",M);
return(NULL); /* return */
}
ht->ht_buckets = nbt; /* save new bucket table */
ht->ht_M = M; /* assume these */
ht->ht_logM = logM;
ht->ht_stats.hs_buckets = M; /* mark # of buckets */
ht->ht_policy = (policy == HASH_POLICY_OLD) ? oldPolicy : policy;
if (afunc)
ht->ht_afunc = afunc;
if (cfunc)
ht->ht_cfunc = cfunc;
if (ht->ht_type != hashtype && hashtype != HASH_TYPE_OLD) {
ht->ht_hfunc = hash_funcs[hashtype];
if (ht->ht_policy == HASH_POLICY_DOUBLE_HASH)
ht->ht_hfunc2 = hash_funcs2[hashtype];
else
ht->ht_hfunc2 = NULL;
}
/* always reset if given */
if (hfunc)
ht->ht_hfunc = hfunc;
if (hfunc2)
ht->ht_hfunc2 = hfunc2;
if (cpfunc)
ht->ht_cpfunc = cpfunc;
if (chainops)
ht->ht_chainops = chainops;
ht->ht_type = hashtype;
{
struct hash_statistics *s = &ht->ht_stats;
/* no longer valid */
s->hs_used = s->hs_davg = s->hs_dsum = s->hs_dmax = 0;
/* no longer valid */
s->hs_lnum = s->hs_lsum = s->hs_lavg = 0;
/* cum. statistics stay */
}
/* rehash if new table */
if (bt) {
afunc = ht->ht_afunc; /* save */
ht->ht_afunc = NULL; /* turn off for a bit */
for (i = 0; i < oldM; i++) {
if (bt[i]) {
switch (oldPolicy) {
case HASH_POLICY_CHAIN:
while ((p = (*oldChainOps->hlo_get)(&bt[i])))
h_insert(ht, p);
break;
default:
h_insert(ht, bt[i]);
}
}
}
ht->ht_afunc = afunc; /* turn back on */
free((caddr_t)bt); /* free old table */
}
return((caddr_t)ht);
}
/* update hash TABLE statistics: generally, these are off for chain */
/* and when there are deletes done */
PRIVATE int
update_hash_table_stats(s, distance, updown)
struct hash_statistics *s;
int distance;
int updown;
{
if (distance > s->hs_dmax) /* new maximum distance */
s->hs_dmax = distance;
s->hs_dsum += distance; /* bump sum of distances */
s->hs_used += updown;
if (s->hs_used)
s->hs_davg = (100*s->hs_dsum) / s->hs_used; /* scale it */
else
s->hs_davg = 0;
return(s->hs_davg);
}
/* update lookup statisitics */
PRIVATE int
update_hash_lookup_stats(s, distance)
struct hash_statistics *s;
int distance;
{
s->hs_lsum += distance; /* bump sum of distances */
s->hs_lnum++; /* bump number of distances */
s->hs_clsum += distance; /* same for cum. */
s->hs_clnum++;
s->hs_lavg = (100*s->hs_lsum) / s->hs_lnum; /* save 2 decimal points */
return(s->hs_lavg);
}
/* hash table operation: delete, insert, find */
caddr_t
h_operation(what, ht, key, idx, idx2, d, b)
int what;
HTABLE *ht;
caddr_t key;
int idx; /* preliminary index (-1 if none) */
int idx2; /* secondary index (-1 if none) */
int *d; /* return distance ? */
int *b; /* return bucket # */
{
int sidx, t;
int distance;
u_int cpkey; /* compress version of key */
caddr_t *bp; /* bucket pointer */
caddr_t *pbp = NULL; /* previous bucket pointer for delete */
caddr_t data = NULL;
/* blather */
if (ht == NULL || HASH_OP_INVALID(what))
return(NULL);
if (idx < 0) {
if (ht->ht_cpfunc) {
cpkey = (*ht->ht_cpfunc)(key);
idx = (*ht->ht_hfunc)(ht->ht_M, ht->ht_logM, cpkey);
} else
idx = (*ht->ht_hfunc)(ht->ht_M, ht->ht_logM, key);
}
sidx = idx;
if (ht->ht_buckets == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "No buckets for hash table! (Possibly using a freed \
hash table handle)\n");
return(NULL);
}
bp = &ht->ht_buckets[idx]; /* start */
distance = 0;
if (b)
*b = sidx;
if (ht->ht_policy == HASH_POLICY_CHAIN) {
caddr_t hint, hint2;
/* distance should be updated */
data = (*ht->ht_chainops->hlo_find)(*bp,key,ht->ht_cfunc,
&distance, &hint, &hint2);
switch (what) {
case HASH_OP_DELETE:
if (!data)
break;
/* key */
/* ignore error (should not happen!) */
(void)(*ht->ht_chainops->hlo_delete)(bp, key, &distance, hint, hint2);
update_hash_table_stats(&ht->ht_stats, -distance, -1);
break;
case HASH_OP_MEMBER:
if (data)
t = update_hash_lookup_stats(&ht->ht_stats, distance);
break;
case HASH_OP_INSERT:
if (data) {
t = update_hash_lookup_stats(&ht->ht_stats, distance);
break;
}
data= (*ht->ht_chainops->hlo_insert)(bp,key,ht->ht_afunc,
&distance, hint,hint2);
update_hash_table_stats(&ht->ht_stats, distance, 1);
break;
}
if (d)
*d = distance;
return(data);
}
do {
if (*bp == NULL) {
switch (what) {
case HASH_OP_DELETE: /* finished delete */
break;
case HASH_OP_MEMBER:
data = NULL;
break;
case HASH_OP_INSERT:
/* left with insert */
data = ht->ht_afunc ? (*ht->ht_afunc)(key) : key;
*bp = data;
update_hash_table_stats(&ht->ht_stats, distance, 1);
break;
}
if (d)
*d = distance;
return(data);
} else {
switch (what) {
case HASH_OP_DELETE:
/* if we haven't found an key to delete, try to find it */
if (!pbp) {
if ((*ht->ht_cfunc)(key, *bp) == 0) {
data = *bp; /* save return key */
*bp = NULL; /* clear out this bucket */
pbp = bp; /* remember this bucket */
update_hash_table_stats(&ht->ht_stats, -distance, -1);
}
} else {
/* delete old distance */
update_hash_table_stats(&ht->ht_stats, -distance, -1);
/* insert new distance */
update_hash_table_stats(&ht->ht_stats, distance-1, 1);
*pbp = *bp; /* move bucket */
*bp = NULL; /* clear out this bucket */
pbp = bp; /* remember this bucket */
}
default:
if ((*ht->ht_cfunc)(key, *bp) == 0) {
t = update_hash_lookup_stats(&ht->ht_stats, distance);
if (d)
*d = distance;
return(*bp); /* done */
}
}
}
if (idx2 < 0 && ht->ht_hfunc2)
if (ht->ht_cpfunc)
idx2 = (*ht->ht_hfunc2)(ht->ht_M, ht->ht_logM, idx, cpkey);
else
idx2 = (*ht->ht_hfunc2)(ht->ht_M, ht->ht_logM, idx, key);
distance++;
idx += idx2 > 0 ? idx2 : 1; /* bump index */
bp++; /* advance bucket pointer */
if (idx >= ht->ht_M) { /* need to wrap around */
idx %= ht->ht_M; /* push index about */
bp = &ht->ht_buckets[idx]; /* and reset buckets */
}
} while (sidx != idx);
return(NULL);
}
/* return hash statistics */
struct hash_statistics *
h_statistics(h)
HTABLE *h;
{
return(&h->ht_stats);
}
/* for linked list */
struct hash_chain_item {
struct hash_chain_item *hci_next; /* pointer to next item in chain */
caddr_t hci_data; /* pointer to data */
};
/*
* hint == previous(hint2)
* hint2 is the match node or node whose data is > than current
*
*/
PRIVATE caddr_t
list_find(h, key, cmp, distance, hint, hint2)
struct hash_chain_item *h;
caddr_t key;
int (*cmp)();
int *distance;
struct hash_chain_item **hint;
struct hash_chain_item **hint2;
{
struct hash_chain_item *hp = NULL;
int d,c;
*distance = 0; /* no distnace */
*hint = NULL; /* mark no hint */
*hint2 = NULL;
if (h == NULL)
return(NULL);
for (d = 0 ; h ; h = h->hci_next) {
if ((c = (*cmp)(key, h->hci_data)) >= 0)
break;
d++;
hp = h;
}
if (distance)
*distance = d;
if (hint2)
*hint2 = h;
if (hint)
*hint = hp;
return(c == 0 ? h->hci_data : NULL);
}
/*
* insert item into chain. hint is from the lookup and helps us insert
* distance is from lookup too (we could choose to change)
*
* hint == previous(hint2)
* hint2 is the match node or node whose data is > than current
* return 0 on success, -1 on failure.
*
*/
/*ARGSUSED*/
PRIVATE caddr_t
list_insert(head, key, alloc, distance, hint, hint2)
caddr_t *head;
caddr_t key;
caddr_t (*alloc)();
int *distance;
struct hash_chain_item *hint;
struct hash_chain_item *hint2;
{
struct hash_chain_item *h;
h = (struct hash_chain_item *)malloc(sizeof(struct hash_chain_item));
if (h == NULL)
return(NULL);
h->hci_data = alloc ? (*alloc)(key) : key;
h->hci_next = hint2;
if (hint)
hint->hci_next = h;
else
*head = (caddr_t)h;
return(h->hci_data);
}
/*
* assumes a find has been done, hint is set by find and item exists
* in the list
* head - head of list
* item - data (unused)
* hint - previous node to one that contains item
* distance - distance to update (not done) (may be deleted)
*
*/
/*ARGSUSED*/
PRIVATE int
list_delete(head, key, distance, hint, hint2)
caddr_t *head;
caddr_t key;
int *distance; /* not used */
struct hash_chain_item *hint;
struct hash_chain_item *hint2;
{
/* trust our input: two things could be wrong, first */
/* hint2 == NULL ==> nothing to delete */
/* hint2 != "key" ==> item not in list */
if (hint == NULL) {
*head = (caddr_t)hint2->hci_next; /* remove */
free((caddr_t)hint2);
return(TRUE);
}
hint->hci_next = hint2->hci_next; /* unlink */
free((caddr_t)hint2); /* get rid of node */
return(TRUE);
}
/* gets first item on list and returns data, freeing up node */
PRIVATE caddr_t
list_get(h)
struct hash_chain_item **h;
{
struct hash_chain_item *n;
caddr_t d;
if (h == NULL || *h == NULL)
return(NULL);
n = *h; /* get item */
*h = n->hci_next; /* and remove */
d = n->hci_data;
free((caddr_t)n);
return(d);
}
/* do hash division method */
/*ARGSUSED*/
PRIVATE u_int
hash_division(M, logM, idx)
int M;
int logM;
u_int idx;
{
return(idx % M);
}
/* will work will with M if M-2,M are twin primes */
/*ARGSUSED*/
PRIVATE u_int
hash2_division(M, logM, hidx, idx)
int M;
int logM;
u_int hidx;
u_int idx;
{
return(1 + (idx % (M-2)));
}
/* handle multiplicative method - hopefully the multiplier gives us */
/* good range */
/*ARGSUSED*/
PRIVATE u_int
hash_multiplicative(M, logM, idx)
int M;
int logM;
u_int idx;
{
return(((u_int)idx*A_MULTIPLIER>>(8*sizeof(int)-logM)));
}
/* the r more bits -- should be indepdent of the first r bits */
/*ARGSUSED*/
PRIVATE u_int
hash2_multiplicative(M, logM, hidx, idx)
int M;
int logM;
u_int hidx;
u_int idx;
{
return(((u_int)idx*A_MULTIPLIER>>(8*sizeof(int)-logM-logM)|1) );
}
#ifdef TESTIT
/* test program */
u_int
docomp(data)
char *data;
{
u_int j;
j = 0;
while (*data)
j = ((j + *data++) >> 1) | j<<31;
return(j);
}
char *
alloc_func(p)
char *p;
{
char *d = (caddr_t)malloc(strlen(p) + 1);
strcpy(d, p);
return(d);
}
dumpstats(msg, s)
char *msg;
struct hash_statistics *s;
{
printf("%s\n\t %d bkts used, avg dist = %d.%02d, max dist = %d\n",
msg,
s->hs_used, s->hs_davg/100, s->hs_davg % 100,
s->hs_dmax);
}
main()
{
HTABLE *hpc, *hplp, *hpdh;
extern strcmp();
char buf[BUFSIZ];
int b, d, op;
char *p;
#define X 16
hpc = (HTABLE *)h_new(HASH_POLICY_CHAIN, HASH_TYPE_DIVISION, X,
strcmp, alloc_func, docomp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
hplp = (HTABLE *)h_new(HASH_POLICY_LINEAR_PROBE,
HASH_TYPE_MULTIPLICATIVE, X, strcmp,
alloc_func, docomp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
hpdh = (HTABLE *)h_new(HASH_POLICY_DOUBLE_HASH,
HASH_TYPE_MULTIPLICATIVE, X, strcmp,
alloc_func, docomp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
while (gets(buf) != NULL) {
p = buf+1;
switch (buf[0]) {
case '+':
printf("INSERT %s\n", buf+1);
op = HASH_OP_INSERT;
break;
case '-':
printf("DELETE %s\n", buf+1);
op = HASH_OP_DELETE;
break;
case ' ':
printf("FIND %s\n", buf+1);
op = HASH_OP_MEMBER;
break;
default:
op = HASH_OP_INSERT;
p = buf;
}
if ((h_operation(op, hpc, p, -1, -1, &d, &b)))
printf("chain: %s at distance %d from bucket %d\n", p, d,b);
else
printf("chain hash table overflow or item not in table\n");
if ((h_operation(op, hplp, p, -1, -1, &d, &b)))
printf("linear probe: %s at distance %d from bucket %d\n", p, d,b);
else
printf("linear probe hash table overflow or item not in table\n");
if ((h_operation(op, hpdh, p, -1, -1, &d, &b)))
printf("double hash: %s at distance %d from bucket %d\n", p, d,b);
else
printf("double hash table overflow or item not in table\n");
}
dumpstats("double hash with multiplicative hash", h_statistics(hpdh));
h_redefine(hpdh, HASH_POLICY_CHAIN,HASH_TYPE_DIVISION, X, NULL,
NULL, NULL, NULL,NULL,NULL);
dumpstats("redefine above as chain with division hash", h_statistics(hpdh));
h_redefine(hpdh, HASH_POLICY_LINEAR_PROBE,HASH_TYPE_MULTIPLICATIVE,
X, NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL);
dumpstats("redefine above as linear probe with multiplicative hash",
h_statistics(hpdh));
dumpstats("chain with division hash", h_statistics(hpc));
dumpstats("linear probe with multiplicative hash", h_statistics(hplp));
h_free(hpdh, free);
}
#endif